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| FAO Bodenzone = Kastanozem-Haplic-Phaeozem-Chernozem-Zone | | FAO Bodenzone = Kastanozem-Haplic-Phaeozem-Chernozem-Zone | ||
| Reference Soil Group = Phaeozeme | | Reference Soil Group = Phaeozeme | ||
| WRB Abkürzung = PH | |||
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| 1. = Ah-Ck | | 1. = Ah-Ck | ||
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WRB-Schlüssel PH | WRB-Schlüssel PH | ||
KOPIERT AUS dem | |||
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in | |||
moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and | |||
Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humusrich | |||
surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are | |||
less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them | |||
only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of | |||
the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and | |||
France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet | |||
Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the | |||
World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the | |||
Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States | |||
of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls. | |||
Summary description of Phaeozems | |||
Connotation: Dark soils rich in organic matter; from Greek phaios, dusky, and Russian | |||
zemlya, earth or land. | |||
Parent material: Aeolian (loess), glacial till and other unconsolidated, predominantly | |||
basic materials. | |||
Environment: Warm to cool (e.g. tropical highlands) moderately continental regions, | |||
humid enough that there is, in most years, some percolation through the soil, but also | |||
with periods in which the soil dries out; flat to undulating land; the natural vegetation | |||
is grassland such as tall-grass steppe and/or forest. | |||
Profile development: A mollic horizon, or less widespread, a chernic horizon (thinner | |||
and in many soils less dark than in Chernozems), mostly over a cambic or argic | |||
subsurface horizon. | |||
Regional distribution of Phaeozems | |||
Phaeozems cover an estimated 190 million ha worldwide. Some 70 million ha of | |||
Phaeozems are found in the humid and subhumid Central Lowlands and easternmost | |||
parts of the Great Plains of the United States of America. Another 50 million ha of | |||
Phaeozems are in the subtropical pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. The third largest | |||
area of Phaeozems (18 million ha) is in northeastern China, followed by discontinuous | |||
areas in the centre of the Russian Federation. Smaller, mostly discontinuous areas are | |||
found in Central Europe, notably the Danube area of Hungary and adjacent countries | |||
and in montane areas in the tropics. | |||
Management and use of Phaeozems | |||
Phaeozems are porous, fertile soils and make excellent farmland. In the United States of | |||
America and Argentina, Phaeozems are in use for the production of soybean and wheat | |||
(and other small grains). Irrigated Phaeozems on the high plains of Texas produce | |||
good yields of cotton. Phaeozems in the temperate belt are sown with wheat, barley | |||
and vegetables alongside other crops. Wind and water erosion are serious hazards. Vast areas of Phaeozems are used for cattle rearing and fattening on improved pastures. | |||
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