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Der '''Phaeozem''' (von griechisch φαιός ''phaiós'' ‚schwärzlich grau‘ und russisch земля ''zemlya'' ‚Erde‘) ist eine Reference Soil Group (RSG) der internationalen Bodenklassifikation [[World Reference Base for Soil Resources]] (WRB), der zur Gruppe der Humusakkumulationsböden gehört.<ref>IUSS Working Group WRB (2015): World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rom.</ref> Er ist der zonale Boden der sommergrünen Laubwaldsteppe mit Niederschlägen von 500-700 mm im Jahr.<ref>Eitel, B., Faust, D. (2013): Bodengeographie. Westermann. Braunschweig.</ref><ref name=":0">Schultz, J. (2008): Die Ökozonen der Erde. Eugen Ulmer/UTB. Stuttgart.</ref> | Der '''Phaeozem''' (von griechisch φαιός ''phaiós'' ‚schwärzlich grau‘ und russisch земля ''zemlya'' ‚Erde‘) ist eine Reference Soil Group (RSG) der internationalen Bodenklassifikation [[World Reference Base for Soil Resources]] (WRB), der zur Gruppe der Humusakkumulationsböden gehört.<ref>IUSS Working Group WRB (2015): World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rom.</ref> Er ist der zonale Boden der sommergrünen Laubwaldsteppe mit Niederschlägen von 500-700 mm im Jahr.<ref>Eitel, B., Faust, D. (2013): Bodengeographie. Westermann. Braunschweig.</ref><ref name=":0">Schultz, J. (2008): Die Ökozonen der Erde. Eugen Ulmer/UTB. Stuttgart.</ref> | ||
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==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
Phaeozeme werden auch als degradierte Steppenböden bezeichnet, da sie über wenig oder keine sekundären Carbonate verfügen, was einen entscheidenden Unterschied zu anderen Steppenböden darstellt.<ref name=":1">Zech, W., Schad, P., Hintermeier-Erhard, G. (2014): Böden der Welt: Ein Bildatlas. Springer, Heidelberg.</ref> Phaeozeme sind aber dennoch fruchtbare Böden, die sich durch starke Bioturbation, hohen Humusgehalt, hohe Basensättigung und eine hohe nutzbare Feldkapazität auszeichnen. | Phaeozeme werden auch als degradierte Steppenböden bezeichnet, da sie über wenig oder keine sekundären Carbonate verfügen, was einen entscheidenden Unterschied zu anderen Steppenböden darstellt.<ref name=":1">Zech, W., Schad, P., Hintermeier-Erhard, G. (2014): Böden der Welt: Ein Bildatlas. Springer, Heidelberg.</ref> Phaeozeme sind aber dennoch fruchtbare Böden, die sich durch starke Bioturbation, hohen Humusgehalt, hohe Basensättigung und eine hohe nutzbare Feldkapazität auszeichnen. | ||
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Viele Infos aus der Beschreibung der WRB müssen noch in die einzelnen Abschnitte des Artikels Eingang finden. Die Beschreibungen sind oft auch noich zu länglich und uninformativ. | |||
Beschreibung des Phaeozem in der WRB 2014 (Update 2015): | |||
Basic information | |||
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humusrich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls. | |||
Summary description of Phaeozems | |||
Connotation: Dark soils rich in organic matter; from Greek phaios, dusky, and Russian zemlya, earth or land. | |||
Parent material: Aeolian (loess), glacial till and other unconsolidated, predominantly basic materials. | |||
Environment: Warm to cool (e.g. tropical highlands) moderately continental regions, humid enough that there is, in most years, some percolation through the soil, but also with periods in which the soil dries out; flat to undulating land; the natural vegetation | |||
is grassland such as tall-grass steppe and/or forest. | |||
Profile development: A mollic horizon, or less widespread, a chernic horizon (thinner and in many soils less dark than in Chernozems), mostly over a cambic or argic subsurface horizon. | |||
Regional distribution of Phaeozems | |||
Phaeozems cover an estimated 190 million ha worldwide. Some 70 million ha of Phaeozems are found in the humid and subhumid Central Lowlands and easternmost parts of the Great Plains of the United States of America. Another 50 million ha of Phaeozems are in the subtropical pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. The third largest area of Phaeozems (18 million ha) is in northeastern China, followed by discontinuous areas in the centre of the Russian Federation. Smaller, mostly discontinuous areas are found in Central Europe, notably the Danube area of Hungary and adjacent countries and in montane areas in the tropics. Management and use of Phaeozems Phaeozems are porous, fertile soils and make excellent farmland. In the United States of America and Argentina, Phaeozems are in use for the production of soybean and wheat (and other small grains). Irrigated Phaeozems on the high plains of Texas produce good yields of cotton. Phaeozems in the temperate belt are sown with wheat, barley and vegetables alongside other crops. Wind and water erosion are serious hazards. Vast areas of Phaeozems are used for cattle rearing and fattening on improved pastures. | |||
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==Vorkommen== | ==Vorkommen== | ||
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Beschreibung des Phaeozem in der WRB 2014 (Update 2015): | |||
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in | Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humusrich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls. | ||
moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and | |||
Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humusrich | |||
surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are | |||
less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them | |||
only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of | |||
the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and | |||
France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet | |||
Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the | |||
World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the | |||
Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States | |||
of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls. | |||
Summary description of Phaeozems | Summary description of Phaeozems | ||
Connotation: Dark soils rich in organic matter; from Greek phaios, dusky, and Russian | Connotation: Dark soils rich in organic matter; from Greek phaios, dusky, and Russian zemlya, earth or land. | ||
zemlya, earth or land. | Parent material: Aeolian (loess), glacial till and other unconsolidated, predominantly basic materials. | ||
Parent material: Aeolian (loess), glacial till and other unconsolidated, predominantly | Environment: Warm to cool (e.g. tropical highlands) moderately continental regions, humid enough that there is, in most years, some percolation through the soil, but also with periods in which the soil dries out; flat to undulating land; the natural vegetation | ||
basic materials. | |||
Environment: Warm to cool (e.g. tropical highlands) moderately continental regions, | |||
humid enough that there is, in most years, some percolation through the soil, but also | |||
with periods in which the soil dries out; flat to undulating land; the natural vegetation | |||
is grassland such as tall-grass steppe and/or forest. | is grassland such as tall-grass steppe and/or forest. | ||
Profile development: A mollic horizon, or less widespread, a chernic horizon (thinner | Profile development: A mollic horizon, or less widespread, a chernic horizon (thinner and in many soils less dark than in Chernozems), mostly over a cambic or argic subsurface horizon. | ||
and in many soils less dark than in Chernozems), mostly over a cambic or argic | |||
subsurface horizon. | |||
Regional distribution of Phaeozems | Regional distribution of Phaeozems | ||
Phaeozems cover an estimated 190 million ha worldwide. Some 70 million ha of | Phaeozems cover an estimated 190 million ha worldwide. Some 70 million ha of Phaeozems are found in the humid and subhumid Central Lowlands and easternmost parts of the Great Plains of the United States of America. Another 50 million ha of Phaeozems are in the subtropical pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. The third largest area of Phaeozems (18 million ha) is in northeastern China, followed by discontinuous areas in the centre of the Russian Federation. Smaller, mostly discontinuous areas are found in Central Europe, notably the Danube area of Hungary and adjacent countries and in montane areas in the tropics. Management and use of Phaeozems Phaeozems are porous, fertile soils and make excellent farmland. In the United States of America and Argentina, Phaeozems are in use for the production of soybean and wheat (and other small grains). Irrigated Phaeozems on the high plains of Texas produce good yields of cotton. Phaeozems in the temperate belt are sown with wheat, barley and vegetables alongside other crops. Wind and water erosion are serious hazards. Vast areas of Phaeozems are used for cattle rearing and fattening on improved pastures. | ||
Phaeozems are found in the humid and subhumid Central Lowlands and easternmost | |||
parts of the Great Plains of the United States of America. Another 50 million ha of | |||
Phaeozems are in the subtropical pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. The third largest | |||
area of Phaeozems (18 million ha) is in northeastern China, followed by discontinuous | |||
areas in the centre of the Russian Federation. Smaller, mostly discontinuous areas are | |||
found in Central Europe, notably the Danube area of Hungary and adjacent countries | |||
and in montane areas in the tropics. | |||
Management and use of Phaeozems | |||
Phaeozems are porous, fertile soils and make excellent farmland. In the United States of | |||
America and Argentina, Phaeozems are in use for the production of soybean and wheat | |||
(and other small grains). Irrigated Phaeozems on the high plains of Texas produce | |||
good yields of cotton. Phaeozems in the temperate belt are sown with wheat, barley | |||
and vegetables alongside other crops. Wind and water erosion are serious hazards. Vast areas of Phaeozems are used for cattle rearing and fattening on improved pastures. | |||
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